Petroleum engineering

Petroleum engineering bụ ngalaba engineering metụtara ọrụ ndị metụtara mmepụta hydrocarbons, nke nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ. mmanụ crude ma ọ bụ gas eke.

Okwu okwuru

mmanụ na gas azụmahịa bụ n'ezie azụmahịa mmiri na-ejizi. Oghere oghere, ma ọ bụ obere oghere, dị na nkume oké osimiri oge ochie na-ejupụta, ya mere, mgbe anyị na-egwu olulu mmiri taa, a na-emepụta mmiri n'elu. Scott Tinker

Mgbe Hubbert gosipụtara rịzọlt a na ọgbakọ Amsterdam, "ndị ọkaibe teknụzụ nabatara ya nke ọma," ka o chetara, "nabata ya kpam kpam, n'enweghị nnukwu katọ " Mgbe ntuli aka nke ntụkwasị obi gachara, Shell haziri ọzụzụ maka nyocha ọhụrụ maka ngalaba ya ndi injinia. Mgbe oge ruru maka nkuzi mbụ, Willis anọghị ya yabụ Hubbert nyere ya n'onwe ya. "Ihe m chọpụtara bụ na echiche na-arụrịta ụka enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na ndị a ndị ikom," ka Hubbert chetara. Ndị injinia ahụ ji n'aka nke ọma na mgbaji ahụ gbajiri agbaji. Edemede ọ bụla, mgbasa ozi ọ bụla na-agbaji gosipụtara mgbajiri agbaji gbakwasara otu ahụ. Hubbert chere na 'a sachapụla ha ụbụrụ kpamkpam. "Ha enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe, mana ha ejirila nke ọma mee ihe na nke na ha maara na ọ bụ nke ọma gbajiri agbaji ndị a kwụ ọtọ." Ọ dị mkpa, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na ha aghọtaghị ike ndị na-arụ ọrụ, ha enweghị ike ịchịkwa ya kpọmkwem. Usoro a ga-adịgide karịa art karịa sayensị. Mason Inman

• Ihe na-eme na US n'etiti ugbu a na 2025 [bụ] nnukwu mgbasawanye nke mmepụta mmanụ, ihe dị ka 80% nke uto mmepụta mmanụ zuru ụwa ọnụ sitere na US. Ọ karịrị nnukwu mgbasawanye nke Saudi Arabia nke anyị hụrụ na 1960 na 70s.
  • Fatih Birol na -jide "Fracking - eziokwu, ihe ize ndụ na ihe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu", nke Adam Vaughan, The Guardian , (26 Feb 2018).

• Rex Buchanan, onye isi nwa oge nke Kansas Geological Survey, nọ na-ekiri egwuregwu Kansas City Royals na Septemba 2014 mgbe ekwentị ekwentị ya bidoro na-ama ọkwa sitere na USGS. Ụjijiji nọ na-ama jijiji na ndịda-etiti Kansas na nso oke ala steeti ahụ na Oklahoma. Nke a abụghị ihe ijuanya, n’ihi na ihe karịrị 100 ala ọma jijiji gara Kansas n’afọ ahụ, malite ná nkezi nke otu onye kwa afọ abụọ. Mana ịma jijiji ahụ nọ na-akawanye ike ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ruru ogo 4.2. Gọvanọ Kansas Sam Brownback kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ mkpali-seismicity iji nyochaa ala ọmajiji ahụ. Ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, nke Buchanan na-elekọta, tụrụ aro ka amachibido mpịakọta ịgba ọgwụ n'ime mpaghara seismic ise n'ofe mpaghara abụọ. Kedu otu ndị ọrụ Kansas siri nwee ike nweta nkwenye? "Echeghị m na anyị nwere ike iwepụta nkọwa ọ bụla ọzọ," Buchanan na-ekwu. "Ị na-ahụ ọkwa nke ọrụ dịka anyị hụrụ: mmụba dị egwu, dị egwu, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpọmkwem ebe olulu mmiri buru ibu na-abanye-na ebe ị na-ahụ otu mmekọrịta na Oklahoma. Ọ na-esi ike ịbịakwute mmechi ọ bụla." Ọ gbakwụnyere na ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwere uru nke ikiri sayensị na ụkpụrụ na-etolite na Ohio, Texas na Oklahoma. Ka ọ dị ugbu a usoro ndị Kansas mere dị ka ọ nwere mmetụta. "N'ezie, ọrụ anyị adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya," ka ọ na-ekwu, n'ihe banyere ma ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ala ọma jijiji na otú ha hà. "Ma agbasiwo m ndị mmadụ ike ka ha ghara ime ụzọ na nke a bụ ụdị nsogbu edozi, n'ihi na ọ bụghị."
  • Rex Buchanan na "Drilling for Earthquakes", nke Anna Kuchment dere, Scientific American , (March 28, 2016).

• “E ebipụtawo ọtụtụ akwụkwọ banyere ala ọma jijiji ndị na-agba ntụtụ n’akwụkwọ geophysical n’ime afọ 40 sochirinụ, ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe ghọtara nke ọma ma nwee ekele maka nsogbu ahụ,” ka Bill Ellsworth, bụ́ ọkà mmụta geophysicist na Mahadum Stanford nke malitere ọrụ ya na-ekwu. USGS mgbe nnwale Rangely na-aga n'ihu. O kwenyere na obi abụọ ndị ọkachamara mere ka nguzobe nke nkwenye kwụsịlata. Ọ na-ekwu, sị: “E nwere ọtụtụ obi abụọ ndị ezigbo ndị injinia mmanụ ụgbọala kwuru na [ala ọma jijiji nke sitere n'olulu mmiri ịgba ọgwụ] ga-ekwe omume. "Ihe ọmụma nke usoro anụ ahụ dum efunahụla ma ọ bụ na-agwaghị ọha mmadụ nke ọma."
  • Bill Ellsworth na "Drilling for Earthquakes", nke Anna Kuchment, Scientific American , (March 28, 2016).

• Nye ọtụtụ ndị Oklahoma, o doro anya na ihe ize ndụ ahụ ebiliwo nke ukwuu. Data na-akwado ahụmịhe ha. Ọnụọgụ ala ọmajiji dị na steeti ahụ etoola n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya. N'afọ 2013, steeti ahụ dekọrọ ala ọmajiji 109 nke nha 3 na karịa. N'afọ sochirinụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ gbagoro ruo 585, na 2015 ọ ruru 890.
  Mmụba ahụ kpalitere ịdọ aka ná ntị abụọ pụrụ iche nke USGS na OGS jikọrọ aka na October 2013 na Mee 2014. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na Oklahoma nwere ohere dị ukwuu mụbara. ịhụ oke 5.5 temblor na-emebi emebi. "Ọ bụ oge mbụ m chere na anyị ga-enye ndụmọdụ gbasara ala ọma jijiji n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Rockies," Robert Williams, onye nhazi USGS etiti na ọwụwa anyanwụ US maka ihe egwu ala ọma jijiji na-ekwu.
  • Anna Kuchment, "Drilling for Earthquakes", "Scientific American" (March 28, 2016).

• N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ahụ ọkụ na-agbawa agbawa agbaala n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, gụnyere Denmark, Lithuania, Romania na karịsịa Poland, bụ ndị hụworo nyocha dị ukwuu karịa mba ọ bụla ọzọ na kọntinent ahụ. Fracking nwere ike inye aka ịkwalite mmepụta gas na Europe n'oge ọ na-eche ọdịda dị egwu ihu. Ogige gas ochie na Oke Osimiri North na-agwụ, dịka nkwụnye ego na Germany, Italy na Romania. Nsonaazụ na-akụda mmụọ abawanyela ịdabere na Europe na gas a na-ebubata, tumadi site na Russia.
• Ihe si na Poland pụta ruo taa bụ n’ezie ihe na-akụda mmụọ,” ọkà mmụta banyere mbara ala bụ́ Scott Stevens nke ARI na-ekweta. Ọ na-ekwu na isi ihe mere olulu mmiri ndị ahụ na-adịghị amịpụta mkpụrụ bụ nrụgide dị n'oké nkume, bụ́ nke na-eme ka olulu mmiri ghara ịdị irè. O kwuru, sị: “Onweghị ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ike isi mara nke ahụ tupu oge eruo. Ka o sina dị, ọ na-arụ ụka, "Ọ na-adịghị anya ka a ga-ewepụ ikike dị ukwuu nke Poland." N'inye data dị ntakịrị, ọ hụghị ihe mere ọ ga-eji gbanwee atụmatụ ARI.

• Mason Inman, " Can Fracking Power Europe?", Nature Magazine, Scientific American, ( Maachị 2, 2016).

• Site na oge Shell na-arụ ọrụ Hubbert na-akọwa ka fracking si arụ ọrụ, "anyị nwere ndekọ nke ọtụtụ puku ndị na-agbaji ọrụ, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ntụkwasị obi na data," ka o chetara. "Anyị kwesịrị ịñụ sịga bara uru ozi."
• Mgbe Hubbert gosipụtara rịzọlt a na ọgbakọ Amsterdam, "ndị ọkaibe teknụzụ nabatara ya nke ọma," ka o chetara, "nabata ya kpam kpam, n'enweghị nnukwu katọ " Mgbe votu nke ntụkwasị obi gasịrị, Shell haziri ọzụzụ ọzụzụ na nyocha ọhụrụ maka ubi ya engineers. Mgbe oge ruru maka nkuzi mbụ, Willis anọghị ya yabụ Hubbert nyere ya n'onwe ya. "Ihe m chọpụtara bụ na echiche na-arụrịta ụka enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na ndị a ndị ikom," ka Hubbert chetara. Ndị injinia ahụ ji n'aka nke ọma na mgbaji ahụ gbajiri agbaji. Edemede ọ bụla, mgbasa ozi ọ bụla na-agbaji gosipụtara mgbajiri agbaji gbakwasara otu ahụ. Hubbert chere na 'a sachapụla ha ụbụrụ kpamkpam. "Ha enweghị ezigbo ihe akaebe, mana ha ejirila nke ọma mee ihe na nke na ha maara na ọ bụ nke ọma gbajiri agbaji ndị a kwụ ọtọ." Ọ dị mkpa, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na ha aghọtaghị ike ndị na-arụ ọrụ, ha enweghị ike ịchịkwa ya kpọmkwem. Usoro a ga-adịgide karịa art karịa sayensị.
• N'ụlọ nyocha Shell's Bellaire, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nyocha kacha akwụ ụgwọ nke mba ahụ, nọdụrụ na mgbochi Willis gbakọtara n'ụlọ n'izu ụka. Ọ bụ efere azụ̀ ọla edo, jupụtara na mmiri mmiri Knox gelatin na plasta dị na ya. Willis ejirila gelatin mee ka nkume—kwesịrị ekwesị, n'ihi ọrụ Hubbert na-arụ n'iwu nke ịchacha - ma tinye karama Alka-Seltzer n'etiti ya iji ṅomie olulu mmiri. Ọ na-etinye gelatin mmiri mmiri n'ime ngwa nju ma hapụ ya ka ọ tọọ, wee wepụ karama ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-eji baster wụsa slurry plasta nke Paris n'ime oghere ahụ, na-ejuputa ya ruo mgbe plasta malitere ịbanye n'ime gelatin, na-akpụ ọkpụkpụ. Dị ka ozizi ha buru n'amụma, mgbaji ahụ kwụ ọtọ.
  Ọ bụ ezie na e jikọtara ntọala Willis ọnụ, Hubbert ghọtara ozugbo na ọ bụ ihe ha chọrọ iji merie ndị injinia ubi: ihe ngosi doro anya. Ha ga-enwe ohere ikwu okwu ha na ogbako Shell nke ime na mbido 1956, n'ime ọtụtụ izu. Ha nwetara ọrụ n'ịrụ ụdị ihe nlereanya ka ukwuu. Iji dochie efere azụ ọla edo nke Willis, Hubbert weputara nnukwu aquariums n'ahịa n'ụlọ ahịa mpaghara.
  Na ogbako Shell, Hubbert na Willis kọwara nnwale ha wee gosi ihe nkedo plasta, nke mbụ site n'otu akụkụ, mgbaji na-esi n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke olulu mmiri ahụ pụta. Mgbe ahụ, ha na-atụgharị ihe nkedo ahụ, ka ndị na-ege ntị wee hụ na mgbaji ahụ dị gịrịgịrị ma dị nkọ, dị ka mma mma. Ma n'ezie, ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na ha kwụ ọtọ. N'ime otu izu nke ngosi a, ndị injinia ubi malitere izipu data ha chịkọtara mgbe agbajichara olulu mmiri. Ụfọdụ n’ime ha etinyela rọba n’olulu mmiri ka ha hụ mgbidi ahụ. Ndị ọzọ zipụrụ igwefoto n'ime oghere ahụ. Ihe data mpaghara a gosiri n'ọkpụkpụ a kwụ ọtọ n'ezie. theory ziri ezi—na n'ikpeazụ ndị injinia [kwere] ya. Nkwenye nke Willis “nwere mmetụta anwansi,” ka Hubbert si tinye ya. “O mere [Ndị Kraịst] n’ime ndị a ndị mmadụ.”

• Mason Inman, otú Onye Amụma nke Mmanụ kacha elu si kọwaa Fracking na 1950s”, Scientific American; sitere na The Oracle of Mmanụ , (Eprel 8, 2016).

• N’adịghị ka Ahab (mkpesa ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe), Drake emebighị site na nchọta ya — opekata mpe, ọ bụghị ozugbo. Mana ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ rụpụtara usoro ngwupụta mmanụ na-aga nke ọma, na-eji ọkpọkọ kụchie olulu mmiri ya ka ọ ghara ịbanye na ya, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ debere usoro ahụ, ego ọ na-enweta mgbe ọ kụrụ mmanụ akpọnwụọ n'oge na-adịghị anya. elu.
  Otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị, TIME ​​kpọrọ ya “okpu na-arịa ọrịa na ajị agba nke nwoke nọ n’okpu stovu” n’akụkọ nke n’agbanyeghị nke ahụ kwetara na “[t] Ọ bụ ezie na Discoverer Drake merụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị ego ma chefuo, ihe ọ chọtara meghere mgbaghara maka mmanụ n'ofe ala ahụ,” na-akpali otu ìgwè ndị na-achọ mmanụ ịchụso ihe ghọworo, ka ọ na-erule 1959, “otu ebe kasị ukwuu akụnụba na-enweta America."
  • Jennifer Latson, "Otu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala America si malite", OGE, (August 27, 2015).

• Anyị na-ebubata ihe dị ka ọkara nke mkpa gas anyị ugbu a, mana ka ọ na-erule 2030 nke ahụ nwere ike ịdị elu ruo 75%. Ọ bụ ya mere anyị ji na-agba ume itinye ego na nyocha shale-gas anyị ka anyị wee nwee ike tinye ebe ọhụrụ a na-enweta n'ụlọ.
  • Odeakwụkwọ ike UK Amber Rudd, “Can Fracking Power Europe?”, nke Mason Inman dere. , Magazin Nature , Scientific American (March 2, 2016).

• Otú ọ dị, gas na mmanụ ahụ na-enweta mmiri dị nnu nke ukwuu. "Azụmahịa mmanụ na gas bụ n'ezie azụmahịa eji eji mmiri eme ihe," ka Scott Tinker, ọkà mmụta banyere mbara ala Texas na onye isi na Mahadum Texas na Austin's Bureau of Economic Geology na-ekwu. Mmiri na-esi n'otu nkume dị ka mmanụ na gas. Ha atọ bụ ihe fọdụrụ nke oké osimiri oge ochie nke okpomọkụ, nrụgide na oge gbanwere. Tinker na-ekwu, sị: "Oghere oghere, ma ọ bụ obere oghere, dị n'oké nkume ndị a ka jupụtara n'oké osimiri oge ochie, ya mere, mgbe anyị na-egwu olulu mmiri taa, a na-emepụta mmiri n'elu. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ahụ bụ [eke], ọ nwere ike ịbụ ọtụtụ iwu nke ịdị ukwuu karịa saline karịa mmiri oké osimiri ma na-ejikarị ihe na-eme redio eme ihe na-ekekọta ya. Ọ na-egbu osisi na anụmanụ, ya mere, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-eli ya n'ime ala iji chebe mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị nso n'elu.

• Scott Tinker na "Drilling for Earthquakes", nke Anna Kuchment dere, Scientific American , (March 28, 2016).

Njikọ Mpụga

Petroleum Engineering na Wikipedia Bekee.

Petroleum Engineering na Wikiquote.