Esemokwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ExxonMobil

Esemokwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ExxonMobil na-eche banyere mmemme ExxonMobil metụtara w:Ngọnarị mgbanwe ihu igwe. Kemgbe 1970s, ExxonMobil na-etinye aka na nyocha, lobbying, mgbasa ozi na inye onyinye, ụfọdụ n'ime ha ka e mere na ebumnuche igbu oge nnabata na omume na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ. Site na njedebe 1970s na site na 1980s, Exxon kwadoro ime na mahadum, n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ikwekọ na nkwenye sayensị na-etolite. Site na 1980 ruo etiti 2000s, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ndi ndu na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na-emegide ụkpụrụ iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ. ExxonMobil kwadoro òtù dị iche iche na-akatọ Kyoto Protocol, na-achọ imebi echiche ọha gbasara nkwenye sayensị na ọkụ ụwa a na-akpata site na ya. ụmụ mmadụ na-ere ọkụ mmanụ ọkụ. Exxon nyere aka chọta ma duzie Global Climate Coalition nke azụmahịa megidere ụkpụrụ mepụta griin haus.

Okwu Okwuru

1950s

• Mmetụta nke mgbakwunye na okirikiri carbon na ọdịdị nke carbon dioxide sitere na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ abụrụla nke a na-akọ akọ n'ọtụtụ ngalaba sayensị. Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa bụ akara nke nnukwu carbon dioxide nke e webatara na mbara igwe kemgbe mmalite nke mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ na narị afọ nke 19, na ụzọ e si kesaa carbon dioxide agbakwunyere na okirikiri carbon. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na a gbakwụnye carbon dioxide bara uru site na ala site n'ịkọ ala, o doro anya na 'ego ka ukwuu esitela na nsure mmanụ ọkụ'
  • H. R. Brannon Jr., A. C. Daughtry, D. Perry, W. W. Whitaker, M. Williams, Humble Oil (ugbu a Exxon) ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị cite journal |title=Radiocarbon akaebe na dilution nke ikuku ikuku na ikuku carbon site na carbon sitere na mmanu mmanu | nke mbu1=H. R. | ikpeazụ1=Brannon Jr. | nke mbụ2=A. C. | ikpeazụ2=Ụmụ nwanyị | nke mbụ3=D. | ikpeazụ3=Perry |nke mbụ4=W. W. | ikpeazụ4=Whitaker | nke mbụ5=M. | ikpeazụ5=Williams |date=October 1957 |doi=10.1029/TR038i005p00643 |magazine=Eos;cite news |title=Ịlafu Ụwa: Afọ iri ahụ anyị fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsịtụ mgbanwe ihu igwe | nke mbụ = Nathaniel | ikpeazụ = Rich | ụbọchị = August 1, 2018 | nweta = Disemba 22, 2018 | magazin = Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html; cite web |title = Akụkọ agọnarị ihu igwe nke Exxon: usoro iheomume | onye mbipụta = Greenpeace |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/global-warming/exxon-and-the -ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ-mara-banyere-climate-mgbanwe/exxon-climate- denial-history-a-timeline/)

1970s

• Nke mbụ, echiche sayensị ugbu a na-akwado nke ukwuu n'ịkọba ikuku carbon dioxide na-abawanye na mmanụ ọkụ ọkụ.
  • James F. Black, ọkà mmụta sayensị dị elu na ngalaba nyocha ngwaahịa nke Exxon Research and Engineering, site na ngosi ya nye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ Exxon nke isiokwu ya bụ "The Greenhouse Effect" (July 1977) (cite web |title=The Greenhouse Effect |first =James F. | ikpeazụ=Black |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025733/https://insideclimatenews.org/sites/default/files/documents/James%20Black%201977%20Presentation.pdf |ụbọchị = June 6, 1978 | nweta = December 21, 2018 |onye nkwusa=Exxon;cite web |title=Mmetụta Greenhouse | nke mbụ=James F. | ikpeazụ=Black |url=https://cdn.exxonmobil.com/~/ media/global/files/climate/19_james-black-1977-presentation.pdf |date=June 6, 1978 |accessdate=December 29, 2018 |publisher=Exxon; kpọtụrụ akụkọ. | aha = Nnyocha nke Exxon kwadoro ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ n'ụwa afọ iri gara aga |first1=Neela | ikpeazụ1=Banerjee |first2=Lisa |last2=Song |first3=David |last3=Hasemyer |date=September 16, 2015 |url= http://insideclimatenews.org/news/15092015/Exxon-own-research-confirmed-fossil-fue ls-role-in-global-warming |agency=InsideClimate News |accessdate=December 24, 2018; cite news |title=Exxon Maara banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 40 gara aga | nke mbụ = Shannon | ikpeazụ = Ụlọ Nzukọ | ụbọchị = Ọktoba 26, 2015 | nweta = Disemba 21, 2018 | url = http://www.scientificamerican.com /article/exxon-knew-about-climate-change-almost-40-years-ago/ |magazine=Scientific American).

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Esemokwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ExxonMobil na Wikipedia.

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