James Watt

Templeeti:Maka James Watt (19 Jenụwarị 1736 – 25 Ọgọst 1819) bụ onye Scotland onye mepụtara na onye injinia igwe onye mmezi ya na Newcomen steam engine bụ isi ihe mere mgbanwe ndị Industrial Revolution wetara na ma na Alaeze Ukwu Britain na ụwa.

Okwu ndị ọkwụrụ

• Enweghị m ike iche ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa igwe a.

• n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara enyi m, Dr. Lind, Eprel 29, 1765.

• Ọ baghị uru m Mmepụta naanị na mba atọ; mana enwere m ike ịhụ na ọ bara uru nke ukwuu ime ya maka ụwa niile.

E depụtara ya n'akwụkwọ James Watt na: Joel Mokyr, Ihe na-eme ka akụnụba baa uru: Ihe okike teknụzụ na ọganihu akụ na ụba. Oxford University Press, 1992. p, 245=== "Ndetu gbasara Akwụkwọ mmụta Prọfesọ Robison gbasara Injin Steam" (1769) === "Ndetu gbasara Akwụkwọ mmụta Prọfesọ Robison gbasara Injin Steam" (1769) site na mbipụta Robison nke "Essays on Diversity Subjects of Mechanical Philosophy" (1822) nke David Brewster Mpịakọta 2, p. 347

Okwu gbasara James Watt

• Ntọala ndị a gbanwere ihe mkpali nye ndị mmadụ ma kpalie injin nke ọganihu, na-emeghe ụzọ maka Industrial Revolution. Nke mbụ na nke kachasị, Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọrụ dabere na nnukwu ọganihu teknụzụ na-eji ntọala ihe ọmụma nke gbakọtara na Europe n'ime narị afọ gara aga. Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbanwe site na oge gara aga, nke nyocha sayensị na talent nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ pụrụ iche mere ka o kwe omume. Ike zuru oke nke mgbanwe a sitere n'ahịa nke mepụtara ohere bara uru maka teknụzụ ka e mepụta ma tinye ya n'ọrụ. Ọ bụ ọdịdị nke ahịa nke gụnyere mmadụ niile mere ka ndị mmadụ kewaa nkà ha n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke azụmahịa. Ọ daberekwara na agụmakwụkwọ na nkà, n'ihi na ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, ma ọ dịkarịa ala site n'ụkpụrụ nke oge ahụ, mere ka ndị ọchụnta ego pụta ìhè site n'ọhụụ iji teknụzụ ọhụrụ mee ihe maka azụmaahịa ha ma chọta ndị ọrụ nwere nkà iji ha mee ihe. Ọ bụghị ihe ndabara na Mgbanwe Mmepụta Ihe malitere na England afọ ole na ole mgbe Mgbanwe Ebube gasịrị. Ndị mepụtara ihe dị ukwuu dịka James Watt (onye zuru oke nke injin steam), Richard Trevithick (onye wuru steam locomotive), Richard Arkwright (onye mepụtara spinning frame), na Isambard Kingdom Brunel (onye kere ọtụtụ mgbanwe steamships) nwere ike iji ohere akụ na ụba nke echiche ha mepụtara, nwee obi ike na a ga-asọpụrụ ikike ihe onwunwe ha, ma nwee ike ịnweta ahịa ebe a ga-ere ma jiri ihe ọhụrụ ha mee ihe n'ụzọ bara uru.

• Daron Acemoglu na James A. Robinson, Ihe Mere Mba Ji Ada: Mmalite Ike, Ịda Ogbenye, na Ọganihu (2012)

• Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ niile ji n'aka... na ọ na-aga n'ihu na ọsọ a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ; na... na mmetụta ya ga-adị oke egwu karịa ihe ọ bụla gara aga. ezighi ezi, na-ezighi ezi ọzọ. Ma n'ọsọ ya na mmetụta ya, mgbanwe ozi yiri nke ndị bu ya ụzọ n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ... Mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mbụ, nke injin uzuoku James Watt mere ka ọ dị mma n'etiti afọ 1770... emeghị ọtụtụ mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ruo mgbe e mepụtara ụgbọ okporo ígwè na 1829... N'otu aka ahụ, mmepụta nke kọmputa n'etiti afọ 1940... ọ bụghị ruo afọ 40 ka e mesịrị, na mgbasa nke Internet na 1990s, ka mgbanwe ozi malitere iweta nnukwu mgbanwe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya... otu mpụta nke "ndị bara ọgaranya" nke oge ha, nke a kọwara ma mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ nke mbụ na nke abụọ... Ihe ndị a yiri ya dị nso ma na-adọrọ adọrọ nke na-eme ka o doo anya na, dịka ọ dị na mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mbụ, mmetụta bụ isi nke mgbanwe ozi na ọha mmadụ na-esote ka dị n'ihu.
• Peter Drucker (2001) "Ụzọ dị n'ihu" Economist.com (Nọvemba 2001).* N'ihe gbasara sayensị, uru ya dị mkpa bụ nwa oge, dịka ihe mgbago gaa n'ihe karịrị nke ahụ. Ọbụna Principia, dịka Newton, nke nwere obi umeala akpọrọ ọrụ ya dị ukwuu, bụ n'ezie naanị mmalite nke nkà ihe ọmụma okike, ọ dịghịkwa ọrụ kachasị elu karịa Injin Steam nke Watt, ma ọ bụ igwe ntụgharị Arkwright.

• Julius Charles Hare, ‎Augustus William Hare, ‎Edward Hayes Plumptre (1871). Ịghọta Eziokwu. p. 326

• Ọ bụrụ na Injin Steam bụ ngwa kachasị ike n'aka mmadụ, iji gbanwee ihu ụwa anụ ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ, n'otu oge ahụ, dị ka ihe na-eme ka omume dị ike n'ibuga nnukwu ihe kpatara mmepeanya. ...Ọ bụrụ na ...a na-ezute anyị ugbu a iche echiche itinye ihe ncheta maka ncheta Maazị Watt n'akụkụ ihe ncheta nke ndị dara na mmeri dị egwu nke agha ikpeazụ, ka a ghara ikwu na enweghị njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ nke onye enyemaka dị umeala n'obi na nke na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke obodo ya, na mmeri nke ndị dike nke ihe ncheta ndị ahụ ga-echeta. ...A na-ekwukarị na ọtụtụ n'ime nchọpụta dị ukwuu na sayensị bụ n'ihi ihe mberede; mana [[[Humphry Davy]]... kwuru nke ọma na nke a enweghị ike ịbụ otu ihe ahụ na nchọpụta bụ isi nke Maazị Watt. ... Ọzọkwa, ọ na-emekarị na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ahụ, bụ ndị mere nchọpụta dị egwu na bara uru... enwebeghị ike ịtụgharị nchọpụta ha iji zere ihe ọjọọ ndị na-eyi egwu, ma na-ebibikarị, oge dị ize ndụ nke ndụ mmadụ. N'ụzọ dị otu a Franklin wepụrụ àgwàetiti, ma duzie ya n'enweghị nsogbu n'ime ụlọ anyị, na nso akụkụ ọkụ anyị—si otú a Jenner wepụrụ ọrịa ọjọọ na-ebibi ihe nke ọrịa ya, ma mee ka ọ ghara ịdị ize ndụ—si otú a [Davy]... zigara oriọna nchekwa n'ime ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala anyị iji zọpụta... ndị bi na ha bara uru site na mgbawa dị egwu nke mmiri ọkụ. Mana nchọpụta nke Maazị Watt gara n'ihu: o meriri ma chịkwaa ike kachasị egwu na eluigwe na ala,—ike ahụ nke, site na njikọ aka nke nrụgide na okpomọkụ, nwere ike imepụta nnukwu mkpọda nke ụwa, nke na-eme ka obodo dum gbawaa n'otu ntabi anya, ma fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbanwee ihu ụwa mmadụ bi. Ike a nke Maazị Watt mere ka ọ dị ka onye a na-apụghị ịchịkwa achịkwa belata ruo n'ọnọdụ nhazi na ọzụzụ zuru oke... nke nwere ike ịbụ nke a na-achịkwa ugbu a ma mee ka ọ banye n'ọrụ a na-apụghị iguzogide emeri—nke a na-apụghị iguzogide, mana ka a na-achịkwa, tụọ, ma chọpụta—ma ọ bụ tụba ya n'ime ebe izu ike zuru oke na nke dị nchebe, n'uche mmadụ, na n'okpuru nduzi nke aka ya na-adịghị ike. N'ụzọ dị otu a, otu onye na-eduzi ya n'ime afọ ụwa, iji dọwaa ihe ndị dị n'ime ya, ma mee ka akụ ya zoro ezo pụta ìhè; onye ọzọ na-etinye ya n'elu mmiri, iji chịkwaa ifufe nke eluigwe, iji kwụsị ebili mmiri, iji chịkwaa iyi mmiri, ma gbochie ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri; nke atọ, ikekwe na nke anọ, ka a ga-eji ike dị ike a mee ihe n'ebumnobi ndị ọzọ, ka a na-echeghị echiche ma ghara iche echiche, mana ọ na-ebute ihe ndị ga-esi na ya pụta, ikekwe ọ dịghị mkpa karịa ndị o mepụtara. ... uru ndị ahụ, nke Maazị Watt nyere ụwa niile mepere emepe, bụ ihe kacha nwee ahụmịhe na mba ya, nke ji ekele mba nye otu nwoke, onye si otú a sọpụrụ ya site na amamihe ya, ma kwalite ọdịmma ya site na nchọpụta ya.

• William Huskisson, "Okwu na Nzukọ Ọha nke emere na Freemasons' Hall, na 18 June, 1824 maka iwulite ihe ncheta nye onye nwụrụ anwụ James Watt; Earl nke Liverpool nọ n'oche," na Okwu nke Onye A Na-asọpụrụ William Huskisson(1831)

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